Risks and Benefits of Electromagnetic Fields Interacting with Plant Cell Biology at Lower to Higher Frequencies
Keywords:
Electromagnetic field, Different frequencies, Plant stresses, DNA damage, EcosystemsAbstract
The number of people exposed to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) created by humans has risen greatly since the 1920s when regular radio transmissions began. Today, we are constantly bombarded by EMFs of all kinds, most prominently from communication and security gadgets. Knowing how plants and other systems are affected by EMFs is crucial for both public health and technological development. Furthermore, cell membrane activity such as potassium and sodium ions conductivity, transmembrane potentials, non-selective channels and even the cell cycle have all been proven to be affected by EMFs. Terahertz (1015-1020 Hz), millimetre waves (115-1015 Hz) and radiofrequency waves (100-115 Hz) are discussed in this work, along with their effects on plants. Millimeter and terahertz radiation are given special consideration because of the rising popularity of these frequencies and the consequent rise in plant growth and yield. The active transport across the cytoplasmic membrane may be disrupted by mild electromagnetic waves, and terahertz radiation has been shown to interact with DNA and cause genetic instability. Experiments are needed to resolve some seeming inconsistencies, such as the fact that radiation can stimulate or stunt plant development. Also, the present review sheds light on the possible effects of EMFs on honey bee production, the amphibian environment and on insect ecosystems.
References
Abu JO, Muller K, Duodu KG and Minnaar A (2005) Functional properties of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) flours and pastes as affected by γ-irradiation. Food Chemi., 93 (1): 103–111.
Akbal A, Kıran Y, Şahin A, Turgut Balik D and Balık HH (2012) Effects of electromagnetic waves emitted by mobile phones on germination, root growth, and root tip cell mitotic division of Lens culinaris Medik. Pol. J. Environ. Stud.,
Akbal A, Kıran Y, Şahin A, Turgut Balik D and Balık HH (2012) Effects of electromagnetic waves emitted by mobile phones on germination, root growth, and root tip cell mitotic division of Lens culinaris Medik. Pol. J. Environ. Stud.
Aly AA, Deris SB and Zaki N (2008) Research review on the biological effect of cell phone radiation on human. In 2008 International Conference on Innovations in Information Technology. IEEE.
Asaari MSM, Mishra P, Mertens S, Dhondt S, Inzé D, Wuyts N and Scheunders P (2018) Close-range hyperspectral image analysis for the early detection of stress responses in individual plants in a high-throughput phenotyping platform. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens., 138: 121–138.
Asada K (2006) Production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species in chloroplasts and their functions. Plant physiol., 141 (2): 391–396.
Beaubois É, Girard S and Lallechere S (2007) Intercellular communication in plants: evidence for two rapidly transmitted systemic signals generated in response to electromagnetic field stimulation in tomato. Plant Cell Environ., 30 (7): 834–844.
Caplin N and Willey N (2018) Ionizing radiation, higher plants, and radioprotection: from acute high doses to chronic low doses. Front. Plant Sci., 9: 847.
Chen YP, Jia JF, Han XL (2009) Weak microwave can alleviate water deficit induced by osmotic stress in wheat seedlings. Planta., 229 (2): 291–298.
Chung S, Arrell DK, Faustino RS, Terzic A and Dzeja PP (2010) Glycolytic network restructuring integral to the energetics of embryonic stem cell cardiac differentiation. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol., 48 (4): 725–734.
Engelmann JC, Deeken R, Müller T, Nimtz, Roelfsema GMR and Hedrich R (2008) Is gene activity in plant cells affected by UMTS-irradiation? A whole genome approaches. Adv. Appl. Bioinforma. Chem, 1: 71–83.
Finnegan PM and Chen W (2012) Arsenic toxicity: the effects on plant metabolism. Front. Physiol., 3: 182.
Gondal, A. H., Areche, F. O., Porras-Roque, M. S., Paucarmayta, A. A. M., Paucarmayta, M. H. M., Cabello, G. G. C., & Rodriguez-Deza, J. W. (2023). Fragile Effects of Mobile Phone Emitted Radiations on Agricultural Growth and Ecological Systems. Reviews in Agricultural Science, 11, 137-155.
Guimarães Giorni, P. (2018). Wind turbine response for grid stability.
Gustavino B, Carboni G, Petrillo R, Paoluzzi G, Santovetti E and Rizzoni M (2016) Exposure to 915 MHz radiation induces micronuclei in Vicia faba root tips. Mutagenesis., 31 (2): 187–192.
Gustavino B, Carboni G, Petrillo R, Rizzoni M and Santovetti E (2014). Micronucleus induction by 915 MHz Radiofrequency radiation in Vicia Faba root tips. Accessed date [3-4-2023]. arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.1431.
Halgamuge MN, Yak SK and Eberhardt JL (2015) Reduced growth of soybean seedlings after exposure to weak microwave radiation from GSM 900 mobile phone and base station. Bioelectromagnetics., 36 (2): 87–95.
Hamada (2007) Effects of microwave treatment on growth, photosynthetic pigments and some metabolites of wheat. Biologia Plantarum., 51 (2): 343–345
Jangid RK, Sharma R, Sudarsan, Y, Eapen, Singh G and Purohit AK (2010) Microwave treatment induced mutations and altered gene expression in Vigna aconitifolia. Biologia. Plantarum., 54 (4): 703–706.
Jocqu, J, Verhaevert J, Van Torre P and Rogier H (2023) Wearable coupled-quarter-mode SIW antenna platform with hybrid kinetic and ambient-light energy harvesting. Sci. Rep., 13 (1): 5000.
Kaur S, Gupta AK and Kaur N (2002) Effect of osmo-and hydropriming of chickpea seeds on seedling growth and carbohydrate metabolism under water deficit stress. Plant Growth Reg., 37: 17–22.
Kumar A, Rani P, Purohit SR and Rao PS (2020) Effect of ultraviolet irradiation on wheat (Triticum aestivum) flour: Study on protein modification and changes in quality attributes. J. Cereal Sci., 96: 103094.
Kumar A, Singh HP, Batish DR, Kaur S and Kohli RK (2016) EMF radiations (1800 MHz)-inhibited early seedling growth of maize (Zea mays) involves alterations in starch and sucrose metabolism. Protoplasma., 253: 1043–1049.
León J, Castillo MC, Coego A, Lozano-Juste J and Mir R (2014) Diverse functional interactions between nitric oxide and abscisic acid in plant development and responses to stress. J. Exp. Bot., 65 (4): 907–921.
Levitt BB, Lai HC and Manville AM (2022) Effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields on flora and fauna, part 2 impacts: how species interact with natural and man-made EMF. Rev. Environ. Health., 37 (3): 327–406.
Levitt BB, Lai HC and Manville AM (2022) Low-level EMF effects on wildlife and plants: What research tells us about an ecosystem approach. Front. Public Health., 10: 4654.
Liu Y, Fiskum G and Schubert D (2002) Generation of reactive oxygen species by the mitochondrial electron transport chain. J. Neurochem., 80 (5): 780–787.
Maity JP, Mishra D, Chakraborty A, Saha A, Santra SC and Chanda S (2005) Modulation of some quantitative and qualitative characteristics in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and mung (Phaseolus mungo L.) by ionizing radiation. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 74: 391–394.
Maksymych V, Klapchuk M, Borysiuk A, Kulyk Y, Stadnyk V, Bordun I and Ivashchyshyn F (2023) Hierarchical heterostructure built on the basis of SiO2 dielectric matrix and supramolecular complex β-cyclodextrin-ferrocene: Fabrication, physical properties and applications. Mater. Res. Bull., 163: 112–220.
Marcu D, Cristea V and Daraban L (2013) Dose-dependent effects of gamma radiation on lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata) seedlings. Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 89: 219–223.
Mokhtari DH, Mamdouh A, Yousefpour N, Mahdavi R, Zandi A, Hoseinpour P and Abdolahad M (2023) High-frequency (30 MHZ to6 GHZ) breast tissue characterization stabilized by suction force for intraoperative tumor margin assessment. Diagnostics., 13 (2): 179.
Møller AP, Nishiumi I, Suzuki H, Ueda K and Mousseau TA (2013) Differences in effects of radiation on abundance of animals in Fukushima and Chernobyl. Ecol. Indic., 24: 75–81.
Moradi, M., Naghdi, N., Hemmati, H., Asadi-Samani, M., & Bahmani, M. (2016). Effect of ultra-high frequency mobile phone radiation on human health. Electronic physician, 8(5), 2452.
Mumtaz S, Rana JN, Choi EH and Han I (2022) Microwave radiation and the brain: Mechanisms, current status, and future prospects. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23 (16): 9288.
Ngadze E, Icishahayo D, Coutinho, TA and Van der Waals JE (2012) Role of polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chlorogenic acid, and total soluble phenols in resistance of potatoes to soft rot. Plant Dis., 6 (2): 186–192.
Panagariya A, Karat B, Singh K and Sinha SP (2023) Cell phone radiation affects plants, vegetables: Research. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/cell-phone-radiation-affects-plants-vegetables-research/story-tWhZEXYsxutPOJN4KqJqpJ.html
Pathak J, Ahmed H, Singh DK, Singh PR, Kumar D, Kannaujiya VK and Sinha RP (2019) Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in plants exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Reactive oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur species in plants: production, metabolism, signaling and defense mechanisms. 371–420.
Peplinski NR, Ulaby FT and Dobson MC (1995) Dielectric properties of soils in the 0.3-1.3-GHz range. IEEE Trans. Geosci Remote Sens., 33 (3): 803–807.
Pinto ME, Casati P, Hsu TP, Ku MS and Edwards GE (1999) Effects of UV-B radiation on growth, photosynthesis, UV-B-absorbing compounds and NADP-malic enzyme in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown under different nitrogen conditions. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, Biol., 48 (2-3): 200–209.
Prosser CL (1947) The clinical sequence of physiological effects of ionizing radiation in animals. Radiology., 49 (3): 299–313.
Qiu ZB, Guo JL, Zhang MM, Lei MY and Li ZL (2013) Nitric oxide acts as a signal molecule in microwave pretreatment induced cadmium tolerance in wheat seedlings. Acta Physiol. Planta. 35 (1): 65–73.
Rammal, M, Jebai F, Rammal H and Joumaa WH (2014) Effects of long-term exposure to RF/MW radiations on the expression of mRNA of stress proteins in Lycopersicon esculentum. WWSEAS Trans. Biol. Biomed., 11: 10–14.
Rashid TB and Song HH (2019) Analysis of biological effects of cell phone radiation on human body using specific absorption rate and thermoregulatory response. Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., 61 (6): 1482–1490.
Riviello-Flores MDLL, Cadena-Iñiguez J, Ruiz-Posadas LDM, Arévalo-Galarza MDL, Castillo-Juárez I, Soto Hernández, M and Castillo-Martínez CR 2022 Use of gamma radiation for the genetic improvement of underutilized plant varieties. Plants., 11 (9): 1161.
Roux D, Vian A and Girard S (2008) High frequency (900 MHz) low amplitude (5 V m−1) electromagnetic field: a genuine environmental stimulus that affects transcription, translation, calcium and energy charge in tomato. Planta., 227 (4): 883–891.
Roux D, Vian A and Girard S (2008) High frequency (900 MHz) low amplitude (5 V m−1) electromagnetic field: a genuine environmental stimulus that affects transcription, translation, calcium and energy charge in tomato,” Planta., 227 (4): 883–891.
Senavirathna MDHJ, Asaeda T, Thilakarathne BLS and Kadono H (2014) Nanometer-scale elongation rate fluctuations in the Myriophyllum aquaticum (Parrot feather) stem were altered by radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation. Plant Signal. Behav., 9 (4): e28590.
Seyedmousavi S, Bosco SDM, De Hoog S, Ebel F, Elad D, Gomes RR and Guillot J (2018) Fungal infections in animals: a patchwork of different situations. Mycol., 56: 165–187.
Sharma S, Bahel S and Kaur Katnoria, J (2023) Evaluation of oxidative stress and genotoxicity of 900 MHz electromagnetic radiations using Trigonella foenum-graecum test system. Protoplasma., 260 (1): 209–224.
Sharma VP, Singh HP, Batish DR and Kohli RK (2010) Cell phone radiations affect early growth of Vigna radiata (mung bean) through biochemical alterations. Z. Naturforsch., C, J. Biosci., 65 (1-2): 66–72.
Singh HP, Sharma VP, Batish DR and Kohli RK (2012) Cell phone electromagnetic field radiations affect rhizogenesis through impairment of biochemical processes Environ. Monit. Assess., 184 (4): 1813–1821.
Singh HP, Sharma VP, Batish DR and Kohli RK (2012) Cell phone electromagnetic field radiations affect rhizogenesis through impairment of biochemical processes. Environ. Monit. Assess., 184 (4): 1813–1821.
Slovic P (1996) Perception of risk from radiation. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry., 68 (3-4): 165–180.
Surducan E, Surducan, Butiuc-Keul A and Halmagy, A (2013) Microwaves irradiation experiments on biological samples. Studia Univesitas Babes-Bolyai Biologia., 58 (1): 83–98.
Tafforeau M, Verdus MC and Norris V (2004) Plant sensitivity to low intensity 105 GHz electromagnetic radiation. Bioelectromagnetics., 25 (6): 403–407.
Thorsett SE (1995) Terrestrial implications of cosmological gamma-ray burst models. Astrophys. J., 444: 53–55.
Ursache M, Mindru G, Creangă DE, Tufescu FM and Goiceanu C (2009) The effects of high frequency electromagnetic waves on the vegetal organisms. Rom. J. Phys., 54 (1-2): 133–145.
Vander HMG, Cantley LC and Thompson CB (2009) Understanding the Warburg effect: the metabolic requirements of cell proliferation. Sci., 324 (5930): 1029–1033.
Vian A, Davies E, Gendraud M and Bonnet P (2016) Plant responses to high frequency electromagnetic fields. BioMed Research International.
Vian A, Henry-Vian C and Davies E (1999) Rapid and systemic accumulation of chloroplast mRNA-binding protein transcripts after flame stimulus in tomato,” Plant Physiol., 121 (2): 517–524.
Willis NJ, Quayle A and Brereton JE (2022) Rethinking Captive Heating: Effect of Infrared Radiation on the Radiated Tortoise (Astrochelys radiata). Cap. Field Herpetol. J., 5 (1): 21–46
Zare H, Mohsenzadeh S and Moradshahi A (2015) Electromagnetic waves from GSM a mobile phone simulator and abiotic stress in Zea mays L. J. Nutr. Sci., 11.
Zhong Z, Furuya T, Ueno K, Yamaguchi H, Hitachi K, Tsuchida K and Komatsu S (2020) Proteomic analysis of irradiation with millimeter waves on soybean growth under flooding conditions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21 (2): 486.
Zhong Z, Furuya T, Ueno K, Yamaguchi H, Hitachi K, Tsuchida K and Komatsu S (2020) Proteomic analysis of irradiation with millimeter waves on soybean growth under flooding conditions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21 (2): 486.
